What the Modelo 303 is
It is the quarterly VAT return for self-employed workers in the general regime: from the VAT you charged on your invoices you subtract the VAT you paid on deductible purchases and expenses. If the balance is in favour of the Tax Agency you pay it; if it is in your favour you carry it forward or, in Q4, request a refund.
When it applies and the deadlines
You file it every quarter while you are registered for VAT in the general regime. The deadline is 1 to 20 April, July and October, and 1 to 30 January for Q4; if the last day is a holiday or weekend it moves to the next business day. With direct debit the deadline ends earlier (generally 15 April, July and October and 25 January). Those under special regimes, such as modules or agriculture, follow other rules.